Le chiffre affine est un type de chiffre de substitution monoalphabétique dans lequel chaque lettre d'un alphabet est mappée à son équivalent numérique chiffré à l'aide d'une fonction mathématique simple et reconvertie en lettre. La formule utilisée signifie que chaque lettre crypte une autre lettre et inversement, ce qui signifie que le chiffre est essentiellement un chiffre de substitution standard avec une règle régissant quelle lettre va à quelle.
L'ensemble du processus repose sur un travail modulo m (la longueur de l'alphabet utilisé). Dans le chiffre affine, les lettres d'un alphabet de taille m sont d'abord mappées sur les nombres entiers compris entre 0 et m-1.
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La « clé » du chiffre affine se compose de 2 nombres que nous appellerons a et b. La discussion suivante suppose l'utilisation d'un alphabet de 26 caractères (m = 26). a doit être choisi pour être relativement premier à m (c'est-à-dire que a ne doit avoir aucun facteur en commun avec m).

Cryptage
Il utilise l'arithmétique modulaire pour transformer l'entier auquel correspond chaque lettre de texte en clair en un autre entier correspondant à une lettre de texte chiffré. La fonction de cryptage pour une seule lettre est
E ( x ) = ( a x + b ) mod m modulus m: size of the alphabet a and b: key of the cipher. a must be chosen such that a and m are coprime.
Décryptage
En déchiffrant le texte chiffré, nous devons exécuter les fonctions opposées (ou inverses) sur le texte chiffré pour récupérer le texte en clair. Encore une fois, la première étape consiste à convertir chacune des lettres du texte chiffré en leurs valeurs entières. La fonction de décryptage est
D ( x ) = a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m a^-1 : modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m. i.e. it satisfies the equation 1 = a a^-1 mod m .
Pour trouver un inverse multiplicatif
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Il faut trouver un nombre x tel que :
Si nous trouvons le nombre x tel que l’équation est vraie alors x est l’inverse de a et nous l’appelons a^-1. La façon la plus simple de résoudre cette équation est de rechercher chacun des nombres de 1 à 25 et de voir lequel satisfait à l’équation.
[gxd] = gcd(am); % we can ignore g and d we dont need them x = mod(xm);
Si vous multipliez maintenant x et a et réduisez le résultat (mod 26), vous obtiendrez la réponse 1. N'oubliez pas qu'il s'agit simplement de la définition d'un inverse, c'est-à-dire que si a*x = 1 (mod 26), alors x est un inverse de a (et a est un inverse de x)
Exemple:
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Mise en œuvre:
C++//CPP program to illustrate Affine Cipher #include using namespace std; //Key values of a and b const int a = 17; const int b = 20; string encryptMessage(string msg) { ///Cipher Text initially empty string cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.length(); i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted if(msg[i]!=' ') /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i]-'A') ) + b) % 26) + 'A'); else //else simply append space character cipher += msg[i]; } return cipher; } string decryptCipher(string cipher) { string msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; //Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 //then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.length(); i++) { if(cipher[i]!=' ') /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher[i]+'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); else //else simply append space character msg += cipher[i]; } return msg; } //Driver Program int main(void) { string msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; //Calling encryption function string cipherText = encryptMessage(msg); cout << 'Encrypted Message is : ' << cipherText<<endl; //Calling Decryption function cout << 'Decrypted Message is: ' << decryptCipher(cipherText); return 0; }
Java // Java program to illustrate Affine Cipher class GFG { // Key values of a and b static int a = 17; static int b = 20; static String encryptMessage(char[] msg) { /// Cipher Text initially empty String cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (msg[i] != ' ') { cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i] - 'A')) + b) % 26) + 'A'); } else // else simply append space character { cipher += msg[i]; } } return cipher; } static String decryptCipher(String cipher) { String msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; // Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 // then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.length(); i++) { /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (cipher.charAt(i) != ' ') { msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher.charAt(i) + 'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); } else //else simply append space character { msg += cipher.charAt(i); } } return msg; } // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { String msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; // Calling encryption function String cipherText = encryptMessage(msg.toCharArray()); System.out.println('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); // Calling Decryption function System.out.println('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); } } // This code contributed by Rajput-Ji
Python # Implementation of Affine Cipher in Python # Extended Euclidean Algorithm for finding modular inverse # eg: modinv(7 26) = 15 def egcd(a b): xy uv = 01 10 while a != 0: q r = b//a b%a m n = x-u*q y-v*q ba xy uv = ar uv mn gcd = b return gcd x y def modinv(a m): gcd x y = egcd(a m) if gcd != 1: return None # modular inverse does not exist else: return x % m # affine cipher encryption function # returns the cipher text def affine_encrypt(text key): ''' C = (a*P + b) % 26 ''' return ''.join([ chr((( key[0]*(ord(t) - ord('A')) + key[1] ) % 26) + ord('A')) for t in text.upper().replace(' ' '') ]) # affine cipher decryption function # returns original text def affine_decrypt(cipher key): ''' P = (a^-1 * (C - b)) % 26 ''' return ''.join([ chr((( modinv(key[0] 26)*(ord(c) - ord('A') - key[1])) % 26) + ord('A')) for c in cipher ]) # Driver Code to test the above functions def main(): # declaring text and key text = 'AFFINE CIPHER' key = [17 20] # calling encryption function affine_encrypted_text = affine_encrypt(text key) print('Encrypted Text: {}'.format( affine_encrypted_text )) # calling decryption function print('Decrypted Text: {}'.format ( affine_decrypt(affine_encrypted_text key) )) if __name__ == '__main__': main() # This code is contributed by # Bhushan Borole
C# // C# program to illustrate Affine Cipher using System; class GFG { // Key values of a and b static int a = 17; static int b = 20; static String encryptMessage(char[] msg) { /// Cipher Text initially empty String cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.Length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (msg[i] != ' ') { cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i] - 'A')) + b) % 26) + 'A'); } else // else simply append space character { cipher += msg[i]; } } return cipher; } static String decryptCipher(String cipher) { String msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; // Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 // then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.Length; i++) { /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (cipher[i] != ' ') { msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher[i] + 'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); } else //else simply append space character { msg += cipher[i]; } } return msg; } // Driver code public static void Main(String[] args) { String msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; // Calling encryption function String cipherText = encryptMessage(msg.ToCharArray()); Console.WriteLine('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); // Calling Decryption function Console.WriteLine('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); } } /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */
JavaScript //Javascript program to illustrate Affine Cipher //Key values of a and b let a = 17; let b = 20; function encryptMessage(msg) { ///Cipher Text initially empty let cipher = ''; for (let i = 0; i < msg.length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted if(msg[i] !=' ') /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ cipher = cipher + String.fromCharCode((((a * (msg[i].charCodeAt(0)-65) ) + b) % 26) + 65); else //else simply append space character cipher += msg[i]; } return cipher; } function decryptCipher(cipher) { let msg = ''; let a_inv = 0; let flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; //Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 //then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (let i = 0; i < cipher.length; i++) { if(cipher[i]!=' ') /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ msg = msg + String.fromCharCode(((a_inv * ((cipher[i].charCodeAt(0)+65 - b)) % 26)) + 65); else //else simply append space character msg += cipher[i]; } return msg; } //Driver Program let msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; //Calling encryption function let cipherText = encryptMessage(msg); console.log('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); //Calling Decryption function console.log('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); // The code is contributed by Arushi Jindal.
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Encrypted Message is : UBBAHK CAPJKX Decrypted Message is: AFFINE CIPHER
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